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National Voter Registration Data

Voter Registration
Data by State

65.6 million voters are registered independent or unaffiliated. That's nearly as many as all registered Republicans.

37.8%
Democratic — 82.1M
32%
Republican — 69.5M
30.2%
Independent — 65.6M
See Who’s Locked Out ↓Compare All States
Explore by State

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Each state links to a full voter registration and primary access breakdown.

Closed
Semi-Closed
Semi-Open
Open
Nonpartisan
AL8.72%AK64.71%AZ36.38%AR42.16%CA30.05%CO52.68%CT43.89%DE33.09%DC19.88%FL30.25%GA30.08%HI48.56%ID26.59%IL41.32%IN44.07%IA35.84%KS29.64%KY10.47%LA27.9%ME36.4%MD24.85%MA67.26%MI16.63%MN27.7%MS47.78%MO18.08%MT28.26%NE24.24%NV45.57%NH39.92%NJ36.67%NM27.24%NY29.72%NC39.64%ND28.29%OH37.7%OK21.19%OR46.27%PA16.22%RI50.78%SC10.13%SD26.23%TN48.12%TX15.81%UT35.06%VT26.15%VA18.2%WA20.48%WV29.56%WI30.95%WY12.61%
217.2M
Registered Voters Nationwide
30.2%
Independent / Unaffiliated
65%
Avg. 2024 Turnout
15
States Lock Out Independents
The Lockout

19.5 million independent voters
can't vote in primaries.

19.5M

independent voters live in states where they're locked out of primary elections.

Nearly 1 in 3 independent voters nationwide.

50%
FL
4,520,571
NY
3,714,202
NJ
2,293,661
OR
1,587,240
PA
1,389,375
MD
1,071,838
CT
1,035,142
NV
1,027,790
LA
802,138
IA
731,861
KS
552,101
KY
322,377
DE
253,910
SD
157,825
WY
43,015

Florida: 4.5 million locked-out independents: more voters than 25 states' total registration.

But in some states, it's even worse.
The Plurality Paradox

In 3 states, the largest group of voters
can't participate in primaries.

OregonClosed Primary
46.27% independent · 1,587,240 voters
Dem 31%
Rep 23%
Ind 46%
NevadaClosed Primary
45.57% independent · 1,027,790 voters
Dem 27%
Rep 27%
Ind 46%
ConnecticutClosed Primary
43.89% independent · 1,035,142 voters
Dem 35%
Rep 21%
Ind 44%

In all three states, independents outnumber both parties. They cannot vote in their own primaries.

But the map is shifting.
The Map Is Changing

In 18 states, independents already
outnumber both parties.

From Massachusetts (67%) to Arizona (36%), independent voters are the largest registered group.

MA
67.26%AK
64.71%CO
52.68%RI
50.78%HI
48.56%TN
48.12%MS
47.78%OR
46.27%NV
45.57%IN
44.07%CT
43.89%AR
42.16%IL
41.32%NH
39.92%NC
39.64%OH
37.7%ME
36.4%AZ
36.38%

These 18 states represent tens of millions of voters where independents hold the plurality.

The Solution Exists

Nonpartisan primaries work.
Three states prove it.

California
Nonpartisan Top-Two

All candidates appear on a single ballot. The top two vote-getters advance to the general election, regardless of party.

Dem 44.78%
Rep 25.17%
Ind 30.05%
Every registered voter can participate.
Washington
Nonpartisan Top-Two

Every registered voter receives the same ballot. Top two candidates move forward regardless of party affiliation.

Dem 52.11%
Rep 27.41%
Ind 20.48%
Every registered voter can participate.
Alaska
Nonpartisan Top-Four

Top four candidates advance from a single primary ballot to a ranked-choice general election. The most advanced reform model in the country.

Alaska advanced the model further in 2020 with top-four primaries and ranked-choice voting.

Dem 11.87%
Rep 23.42%
Ind 64.71%
Every registered voter can participate.
Learn How Primary Election Systems Work →
Now explore the data yourself.
Explore the Data

All 50 States + DC: Registration,
Parties, and Primary Access

Sort by any column. Filter to closed-primary states or states where independents hold the plurality. Click any state for a full breakdown.

15 closed-primary states
18 states where independents are #1
3 nonpartisan primary states

Showing 51 of 51 states

State↑RegisteredDem %Rep %Ind %Primary Type2024 Turnout
Alabama*3,538,75535.95%55.33%8.72%Open Primary58.9%
Alaska574,31011.87%23.42%64.71%Nonpartisan Top-Four63.8%
Arizona4,417,11728.14%35.48%36.38%Semi-Open Primary63.6%
Arkansas*1,650,58220.33%37.51%42.16%Open Primary53.5%
California23,222,03444.78%25.17%30.05%Nonpartisan Top-Two62.1%
Colorado3,996,93124.85%22.47%52.68%Semi-Open Primary73.1%
Connecticut2,358,52735.05%21.06%43.89%Closed Primary67.1%
Delaware767,32541.65%25.26%33.09%Closed Primary67%
District of Columbia529,69574.84%5.28%19.88%Semi-Closed Primary63.6%
Florida14,944,31631.27%38.48%30.25%Closed Primary66.7%
Georgia*7,540,60142.97%26.94%30.08%Open Primary68.3%
Hawaii*786,76937.83%13.61%48.56%Open Primary50.3%
Idaho973,66011.54%61.86%26.59%Semi-Closed Primary63.4%
Illinois*8,399,86238.51%20.17%41.32%Open Primary63.3%
Indiana*4,395,55024.96%30.97%44.07%Open Primary58.7%
Iowa2,041,85527.52%36.64%35.84%Closed Primary70.8%
Kansas1,862,72724.87%45.49%29.64%Closed Primary63.2%
Kentucky3,079,84441.79%47.75%10.47%Closed Primary62.2%
Louisiana2,874,64336.5%35.6%27.9%Closed Primary60.8%
Maine965,08533.78%29.83%36.4%Semi-Open Primary74.2%
Maryland4,312,85551.43%23.72%24.85%Closed Primary69.3%
Massachusetts4,911,92424.67%8.07%67.26%Semi-Closed Primary68%
Michigan*7,922,22453.03%30.33%16.63%Open Primary74.6%
Minnesota*3,605,41234.08%38.22%27.7%Open Primary76.4%
Mississippi*1,953,30023.35%28.87%47.78%Open Primary57.5%
Missouri*4,121,74033.36%48.56%18.08%Open Primary64.3%
Montana*724,91626.4%45.34%28.26%Open Primary68.2%
Nebraska1,218,04125.92%49.84%24.24%Semi-Closed Primary68%
Nevada2,255,28427.43%26.99%45.57%Closed Primary65.8%
New Hampshire1,090,61228.14%31.94%39.92%Semi-Closed Primary74.1%
New Jersey6,254,21238.1%25.23%36.67%Closed Primary67.2%
New Mexico1,316,65441.32%31.44%27.24%Open Primary59.6%
New York12,498,69147.6%22.68%29.72%Closed Primary60.4%
North Carolina7,242,16030.03%30.33%39.64%Semi-Closed Primary70.3%
North Dakota*465,11828.76%42.95%28.29%Open Primary63.1%
Ohio*7,580,95531.12%31.18%37.7%Open Primary65.4%
Oklahoma2,248,69625.11%53.7%21.19%Semi-Closed Primary53.3%
Oregon3,430,52131.13%22.6%46.27%Closed Primary71.9%
Pennsylvania8,564,40242.61%41.17%16.22%Closed Primary71.4%
Rhode Island757,85634.85%14.37%50.78%Semi-Closed Primary63.3%
South Carolina3,520,10441.08%48.79%10.13%Open Primary62.1%
South Dakota601,75622.61%51.17%26.23%Closed Primary64%
Tennessee*4,343,95118.23%33.66%48.12%Open Primary57.6%
Texas*17,578,64046.55%37.64%15.81%Open Primary56.6%
Utah1,658,97613.58%51.36%35.06%Semi-Closed Primary64.2%
Vermont*466,16353.16%20.69%26.15%Open Primary70.9%
Virginia*5,966,79451.24%30.56%18.2%Open Primary71.2%
Washington*5,253,68752.11%27.41%20.48%Nonpartisan Top-Two70.2%
West Virginia1,115,46127.78%42.66%29.56%Semi-Closed Primary55.5%
Wisconsin*4,980,72631.2%37.86%30.95%Open Primary76.6%
Wyoming340,99112.28%75.1%12.61%Closed Primary61.3%

* Modeled party data — these states do not have official party registration. Data is estimated by L2 using primary ballot choice, partisan contributions, and analytics.

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How primary systems work, which states lock out independents, and what's changing.
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Data last updated 2026. Sources: L2 voter file, University of Florida Election Lab.